| Butt-Weld Pipe Cap | Hot forming, cold forming, or seamless/welded fabrication followed by machining and heat treatment when required. | Carbon steel, low-alloy steel, stainless steel, and nickel alloys. | NPS 1/2 to NPS 48 under common ASME B16.9 size coverage. | ASME B16.9; material specifications such as ASTM A234, A403, A420, or A815. | Welds directly to the pipe and provides a permanent, compact closure. | Process piping, oil and gas, chemical plants, power generation, and water systems. |
| Ellipsoidal Cap | Pressed or formed into an elliptical profile, generally with a straight tangent section. | Carbon steel, stainless steel, duplex stainless steel, and alloy steel. | Commonly manufactured from small diameters to large fabricated sizes. | ASME B16.9 for applicable wrought fittings; vessel-related designs may require ASME Section VIII. | Curved geometry distributes internal pressure more efficiently than a flat plate closure. | Pressure piping, tanks, heat exchangers, and high-temperature services. |
| Hemispherical Cap | Pressed, spun, or fabricated to form a half-sphere. | Carbon steel, stainless steel, alloy steel, and nickel-based alloys. | Usually selected for large diameter or high-pressure engineered systems. | Project-specific design standards; ASME B16.9 may apply where the fitting falls within its scope. | Excellent stress distribution and a high strength-to-weight ratio. | High-pressure vessels, reactors, storage equipment, and demanding process systems. |
| Dished Cap | Hot pressed, cold pressed, or segmented fabricated construction. | Carbon steel, stainless steel, duplex steel, and heat-resistant alloy steel. | Small to very large nominal diameters, depending on the design. | ASME B16.9 where applicable; fabrication may also reference pressure-vessel codes. | Concave or dished profile offers better pressure resistance than a flat end closure. | Storage tanks, pressure vessels, industrial boilers, and large process lines. |
| Long Pattern Cap | Formed with an extended straight length or longer tangent section. | Carbon steel, stainless steel, alloy steel, and nickel alloys. | Common in custom piping layouts and selected ASME B16.9 sizes. | ASME B16.9 when dimensional requirements are covered by the standard. | Provides additional welding and transition length where layout or stress requirements demand it. | Fabrication spools, heat-transfer systems, high-temperature piping, and custom assemblies. |
| Short Pattern Cap | Pressed or formed with a reduced overall length. | Carbon steel, stainless steel, and low-alloy steel. | Generally used where compact dimensions are important. | ASME B16.9 for standard dimensions and tolerances when applicable. | Reduces installation space while maintaining a butt-weld connection. | Compact process skids, utility piping, instrumentation headers, and confined layouts. |
| Concentric Reducer Cap | Fabricated or formed with a gradual reduction from the pipe diameter to the closed end. | Carbon steel, stainless steel, duplex stainless steel, and alloy steel. | Custom sizes are common; dimensions depend on the connecting pipe and design pressure. | Project drawings, ASME B16.9 principles where applicable, and specified material standards. | Combines pipe-size reduction and end closure in one component. | Dead-end branches, vessel nozzles, piping transitions, and special process connections. |
| Threaded End Cap | Machined with internal or external pipe threads rather than a butt-weld bevel. | Forged carbon steel, stainless steel, brass, or other specified alloys. | Typically used for smaller pipe sizes than butt-weld caps. | ASME B16.11 for forged socket-welding and threaded fittings; thread forms may reference ASME B1.20.1. | Removable connection suitable for low- to moderate-pressure applications when properly rated. | Instrumentation, plumbing, compressed air, utilities, and maintenance access points. |
| Socket-Weld Cap | Machined with a socket into which the pipe is inserted before fillet welding. | Forged carbon steel, stainless steel, alloy steel, and nickel alloys. | Commonly selected for small-bore piping systems. | ASME B16.11; material specifications may include ASTM A105, A182, or A350. | Compact connection with good alignment for small-diameter high-pressure piping. | Hydraulic lines, steam systems, chemical dosing lines, and instrument piping. |
| Sanitary Clamp Cap | Precision formed or machined with a hygienic clamp profile and smooth internal surface. | Usually 304 or 316/316L stainless steel. | Common sanitary tube sizes; dimensions are specified by the selected hygienic system. | 3-A, ASME BPE, ISO, DIN, or other sanitary specifications as required by the project. | Quickly removable, cleanable, and designed to minimize product retention. | Food processing, beverage production, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and cosmetics. |
| High-Temperature Alloy Cap | Hot formed, forged, or fabricated with controlled heat treatment. | Chrome-molybdenum steel, austenitic stainless steel, nickel alloys, and heat-resistant alloys. | Selected according to operating temperature, pressure, and pipe wall thickness. | ASME B16.9 where applicable, together with the specified ASTM material standard. | Designed for elevated-temperature strength, oxidation resistance, or creep resistance. | Power plants, refineries, furnace lines, superheated steam, and high-temperature process piping. |
| Corrosion-Resistant Cap | Seamless forming, welded fabrication, or forged production with surface finishing. | 304/304L, 316/316L, duplex stainless steel, titanium, and nickel alloys. | NPS 1/2 to large fabricated diameters, subject to material and design availability. | ASME B16.9 where applicable; ASTM A403, A815, B366, or project-specific standards. | Provides improved resistance to oxidation, chlorides, acids, or process chemicals. | Chemical processing, desalination, marine systems, pulp and paper, and offshore piping. |