| Aluminum Alloys | 6061-T6 7075-T6 5052-H32 | Low density, strong machinability, good corrosion resistance, and favorable strength-to-weight ratio. | Enclosures, brackets, heat sinks, structural components, aerospace prototypes, and lightweight machine parts. | Typical dimensional tolerance: ±0.05 mm for many machined features; tighter tolerances should be specified only where function requires them. | Anodizing, bead blasting, brushing, chemical conversion coating, and clear or colored anodizing. | Widely available in multiple regions; confirm temper, alloy designation, thickness, and applicable material certificates before production. |
| Stainless Steel | 304 316L 17-4 PH | High corrosion resistance; 316L performs well in chloride-containing environments, while 17-4 PH offers high strength after heat treatment. | Medical housings, food-processing components, chemical equipment parts, shafts, fittings, and outdoor hardware. | Specify alloy, heat-treatment condition, critical surface roughness, and corrosion exposure. General machined surfaces are often specified around Ra 1.6–3.2 µm when appropriate. | Passivation, electropolishing, bead blasting, polishing, and brushed finishing. | Material substitution should be controlled because corrosion behavior, hardness, and machinability vary significantly between grades. |
| Carbon and Alloy Steel | 1018 1045 4140 | Good stiffness and strength; alloy grades can provide improved wear resistance and mechanical performance after heat treatment. | Machine bases, pins, gears, tooling, shafts, fixtures, and heavily loaded mechanical components. | Define hardness, tensile requirements, heat-treatment condition, and datum scheme. Use tighter geometric tolerances only on functional interfaces. | Black oxide, zinc plating, nickel plating, phosphate coating, painting, and oil protection. | Specify protection against corrosion for sea freight, humid storage, and outdoor use; packaging requirements should be included in the purchase specification. |
| Engineering Plastics | POM PA PEEK PTFE | Low weight, electrical insulation, low friction, and chemical resistance; performance depends strongly on temperature and moisture absorption. | Bushings, guides, insulators, gears, fluid-handling parts, wear pads, and prototype housings. | Allow for thermal expansion, shrinkage, moisture effects, and part deformation during clamping. Avoid unnecessarily tight tolerances on large thin sections. | Usually supplied as machined or lightly polished; some materials may be colored or marked after machining. | State the exact polymer grade, reinforcement content, operating temperature, and moisture environment to prevent material substitution issues. |
| Brass and Copper Alloys | C360 Brass C110 Copper Bronze | Brass offers excellent machinability; copper provides high electrical and thermal conductivity; bronze offers good wear and corrosion resistance. | Electrical terminals, connectors, heat-transfer components, valves, bushings, and decorative hardware. | Specify conductivity where relevant, alloy condition, thread requirements, and burr-control requirements for electrical contacts. | Polishing, nickel plating, tin plating, clear coating, and natural machined finish. | Confirm material composition and surface protection because oxidation, tarnishing, and plating requirements can affect storage and shipping. |
| Titanium Alloys | Grade 2 Grade 5 | High strength-to-weight ratio, excellent corrosion resistance, and good performance at elevated temperatures; more difficult to machine than aluminum or mild steel. | Aerospace parts, chemical-processing components, medical devices, and high-performance lightweight structures. | Define alloy grade, heat-treatment condition, critical dimensions, burr limits, and surface integrity requirements. | Bead blasting, polishing, chemical treatment, and controlled passivation where applicable. | Use qualified machining processes and carefully controlled tooling because heat generation and tool wear can influence cost and lead time. |
| Tool and Mold Steels | P20 D2 H13 | High hardness, wear resistance, and dimensional stability after suitable heat treatment. | Dies, molds, forming tools, cutting fixtures, wear inserts, and high-load tooling components. | Specify pre-hardened or hardened condition, target hardness, grinding allowance, flatness, and critical profile tolerances. | Polishing, nitriding, black oxide, coating, and precision grinding after heat treatment. | Plan machining sequence around heat treatment and inspection; export documentation may need to identify the exact steel grade and condition. |
| CNC Specification Planning | 2D Drawing 3D CAD Model Inspection Plan | Clear specifications improve repeatability, quotation accuracy, inspection consistency, and supplier-to-supplier communication. | Prototype parts, low-volume production, repeat orders, replacement components, and globally distributed manufacturing programs. | Include material and temper, units, datum references, general tolerances, critical dimensions, geometric tolerances, threads, radii, chamfers, and surface roughness. | Specify anodizing, passivation, plating, coating thickness, color reference, masking areas, laser marking, and cosmetic acceptance criteria. | Use internationally recognized drawing practices, define the inspection standard, identify critical-to-function features, and request material and dimensional reports when required. |
| CNC Process Selection | 3-Axis Milling 5-Axis Milling CNC Turning Swiss-Type Turning | Process capability depends on geometry, workholding, tool access, material, quantity, and required accuracy. | Prismatic parts, turned shafts, complex surfaces, small precision components, and multi-sided components. | Choose process based on feature access and production quantity; avoid specifying tighter tolerances than the design function requires. | Finishing should be selected according to material, appearance, corrosion protection, wear, and electrical requirements. | Standardized file formats, clear revision control, and consistent measurement units reduce communication risks across international supply chains. |